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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Analysis of Endocytic Uptake and Retrograde Transport to the Trans-Golgi Network Using Functionalized Nanobodies in Cultured Cells
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Published on: February 21, 2019

Lipid-dependent protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network.

Michal A Surma1, Christian Klose, Kai Simons

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|January 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Lipid-raft sorting in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a key mechanism for directing proteins to the cell surface. This process involves specialized lipid platforms that facilitate cargo sorting and transport carrier formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The trans-Golgi network (TGN) acts as a crucial sorting hub for proteins destined for various cellular locations.
  • While coat- and adaptor-mediated mechanisms are known, lipid-dependent sorting is increasingly recognized for cell surface delivery.
  • Previous studies in mammalian cells and yeast highlight the significance of lipid involvement in protein transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence supporting lipid-raft-based sorting at the TGN.
  • To examine the role of these lipid platforms in forming transport carriers from the TGN to the plasma membrane (PM).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on studies of lipid-mediated protein sorting.
  • Analysis of mechanisms involving lipid rafts and phase segregation in the TGN.
  • Examination of TGN-to-PM transport carrier formation.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the generation of raft platforms through phase segregation of lipids (sphingolipids, sterols) and cargo proteins within the TGN.
  • These lipid rafts act as specific sorting platforms for proteins targeted to the cell surface.
  • Lipid rafts are implicated in the budding and formation of transport vesicles moving from the TGN to the plasma membrane.

Conclusions:

  • Lipid-raft-based sorting is a significant mechanism for cargo delivery to the cell surface via the TGN.
  • The formation of specialized lipid platforms is central to this sorting process.
  • Understanding lipid involvement in vesicular transport is crucial for comprehending cellular trafficking pathways.