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Updated: May 25, 2026

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
Published on: January 10, 2013
Emerging endoscopic and photodynamic techniques for bladder cancer detection and surveillance
Prashant Patel1, Richard T Bryan, D Michael A Wallace
1School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK. p.patel@bham.ac.uk
Abstract:
This review provides an overview of emerging techniques, namely, photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), narrow band imaging (NBI), Raman spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, virtual cystoscopy, and endoscopic microscopy for its use in the diagnosis and surveillance of bladder cancer. The technology, clinical evidence and future applications of these approaches are discussed with particular emphasis on PDD and NBI. These approaches show promise to optimise cystoscopy and transurethral resection of bladder tumours.
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