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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
10:20

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Published on: March 12, 2013

The carnivore connection hypothesis: revisited.

Jennie C Brand-Miller1, Hayley J Griffin, Stephen Colagiuri

  • 1The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, G89 Medical Foundation Building K25, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia.

Journal of Obesity
|January 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Carnivore Connection theory suggests early humans developed insulin resistance for survival. Modern high-carbohydrate diets trigger this, increasing type 2 diabetes risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Metabolic health
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • The "Carnivore Connection" proposes that insulin resistance conferred a survival advantage during human evolution due to low-carbohydrate, high-animal-subsistence diets.
  • This selective pressure diminished with the Agricultural Revolution and the introduction of cereals, altering human dietary patterns.
  • Modern diets high in carbohydrates and glycemic load are linked to increased prevalence of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary basis of insulin resistance and its connection to dietary shifts.
  • To explain the varying prevalence of type 2 diabetes across populations based on historical dietary transitions.
  • To examine the impact of modern diets on insulin resistance and diabetes risk.

Main Methods:

  • Hypothetical model based on evolutionary and epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of historical dietary shifts and their correlation with metabolic disease prevalence.
  • Review of genetic selection pressures related to insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Insulin resistance provided a survival and reproductive advantage in ancestral populations with limited carbohydrate intake.
  • Rapid dietary transitions to high-glycemic diets correlate with higher rates of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
  • Populations with longer adaptation to modern diets (e.g., European) show lower prevalence despite recent challenges.

Conclusions:

  • The "Carnivore Connection" offers an evolutionary framework for understanding current type 2 diabetes epidemics.
  • Dietary changes, particularly increased consumption of high-glycemic carbohydrates, are key drivers of escalating insulin resistance.
  • Obesity and high-glycemic-load diets exacerbate insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk across diverse populations.