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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Biological Methods for Microbial Control01:28

Biological Methods for Microbial Control

Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis01:28

Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Synthesis

Bacterial pathogens depend on precise and efficient DNA replication to sustain infection. Two type II topoisomerases—DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV—are critical to this process, as they resolve DNA supercoiling and unlink chromosomes during replication. Fluoroquinolones, synthetic derivatives of quinolones, exploit this mechanism by stabilizing the transient DNA–enzyme cleavage complex, preventing strand religation, and causing lethal double-strand breaks. These antibiotics are selectively...
Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
05:59

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Diphosphonium ionic liquids as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.

George A O'Toole1, Michel Wathier, Michael E Zegans

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA. georgeo@Dartmouth.edu

Cornea
|January 13, 2012
PubMed
Summary

New diphosphonium ionic liquids show broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against ocular pathogens. This promising class of compounds effectively kills bacteria, including resistant strains, with minimal cytotoxicity, offering potential for new ocular surface treatments.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Green Synthesis of Quinoline-Based Ionic Liquid
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Rising antimicrobial resistance necessitates novel therapeutic agents.
  • There is a critical need for new antimicrobial drugs targeting ocular surface infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and evaluate novel ionic liquid compounds as potential antimicrobial agents for ocular use.
  • To assess the antimicrobial spectrum and cytotoxicity of synthesized ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of bola-type ionic liquids with bis-phosphonium groups.
  • In vitro testing of antimicrobial activity against ocular pathogens (Gram-negative, Gram-positive, MRSA, fungi).
  • In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity assessment using corneal cell lines and mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Di-Hex C10, a bis-phosphonium ionic liquid, exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at low micromolar concentrations.
  • Rapid bacterial killing (within 15 minutes) was observed in vitro.
  • Di-Hex C10 demonstrated low cytotoxicity in corneal epithelial cells and in a mouse corneal wound model, unlike monophosphonium analogs.

Conclusions:

  • Dicationic bis-phosphonium ionic liquids represent a novel class of antimicrobial agents.
  • These compounds show significant potential for development into effective treatments for ocular surface infections.
  • The bis-phosphonium structure is crucial for efficacy and safety compared to monophosphonium counterparts.