Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...

The Central Dogma

The Central Dogma

What is Genetic Engineering?

What is Genetic Engineering?

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...

From DNA to Protein

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cold Orthogonal Translation: A Psychrophilic Pyrrolysyl-tRNA Synthetase Boosts Genetic Code Expansion in E. coli.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026

Same author

Novel genomically engineered antibiotic-free whole-cell biocatalysts for PET hydrolysis and waste remediation.

Journal of hazardous materials·2026

Same author

Propagation of Photoinduced Electric Field Changes Through Phytochrome and their Impact on Conformational Transitions.

Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry·2025

Same author

Smart co-delivery of Erlotinib and Camptothecin using silica-coated gold nanorods functionalized with recombinant anti-bone morphogenetic protein receptor type I (BMPR-AI).

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2025

Same author

Enabling Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Multiplexing Using UnaG through Its Modification with Canonical and Noncanonical Amino Acids.

ACS sensors·2025

Same author

Introduction: "Noncanonical Amino Acids".

Chemical reviews·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

Recent advances in genetic code engineering in Escherichia coli.

Michael Georg Hoesl¹, Nediljko Budisa

¹Technische Universität Berlin (Berlin Institute of Technology), Department of Chemistry, Biocatalysis Group, Franklinstraße 29, 10587 Berlin, Germany.

Current Opinion in Biotechnology

|January 13, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Expanding the genetic code via synthetic biology allows incorporating non-canonical amino acids into proteins. This synthetic biology advance enables novel protein and proteome chemical compositions using reprogrammed translation.

More Related Videos

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Published on: September 1, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Published on: November 12, 2012

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Published on: September 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Synthetic Biology
Chemical Biology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The genetic code's expansion is central to synthetic biology.
It enables transferring chemical reactions into living cells.
Incorporating non-canonical amino acids into proteins is a key goal.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight recent developments in expanding the genetic code.
To provide a basis for generalist tools for protein and proteome chemical variation.
To enable a genetic code with emancipated or new coding units.

Main Methods:

Utilizing orthogonal pairs of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and cognate tRNA.
Reprogramming protein translation to incorporate non-canonical amino acids.
Developing tools for controlled chemical composition variation in proteins and proteomes.

Main Results:

Orthogonal pairs serve as general tools for genetic code assignment.
Recent developments support creating generalist tools for chemical variation.
Emancipated codons or new coding units facilitate genetic code expansion.

Conclusions:

Expansion of the genetic code is a rapidly advancing field in synthetic biology.
This expansion allows for unprecedented control over protein and proteome chemical diversity.
Future developments promise versatile tools for engineering novel biological functions.