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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating Vocal Information Representation in Small Primates and Its Alteration by Psychiatric Disorders Using Noninvasive EEG
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Convergence and divergence in Diana monkey vocalizations.

Agnès Candiotti1, Klaus Zuberbühler, Alban Lemasson

  • 1Laboratoire EthoS Ethologie animale et humaine, Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6552-CNRS, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France. agnes.candiotti@univ-rennes1.fr

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Summary

Diana monkeys adjust their calls to stay connected. Vocal convergence and divergence in their social calls help maintain group cohesion, demonstrating learned vocal control in primates.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal behavior
  • Bioacoustics
  • Primate communication

Background:

  • Individually distinct vocalizations are common in social animals, often attributed to vocal tract anatomy.
  • Learned vocal tract movements can also drive vocal convergence or divergence within social groups, a less-explored factor.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate acoustic similarity patterns in social calls of female Diana monkeys.
  • To explore the roles of individual identity, context, and social interactions in vocal variation.

Main Methods:

  • Acoustic analysis of social calls from 14 free-ranging female Diana monkeys (Cercopithecus diana) in two groups.
  • Examined fundamental frequency contours in relation to individual identity and environmental/social contexts.

Main Results:

  • Vocalizations showed individual-specific fundamental frequency contours.
  • Vocal divergence increased during poor visibility and near neighbors.
  • Vocal convergence was observed during vocal interactions, with females matching call contours.

Conclusions:

  • Diana monkeys exhibit learned control over the acoustic structure of their social vocalizations.
  • Opposing processes of vocal convergence and divergence facilitate spatial proximity and social cohesion.