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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
09:09

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability

Published on: February 27, 2016

Cationic polyvinylamine binding to anionic microgels yields kinetically controlled structures.

Quan Wen1, Andrew M Vincelli, Robert Pelton

  • 1McMaster University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamilton, Canada.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|January 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyvinylamine (PVAm) binding to carboxylated microgels creates stable, cationic particles. Their pH-dependent behavior and binding saturation are influenced by PVAm molecular weight and attachment dynamics.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Synthesis of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Colloid Chemistry

Background:

  • Microgels are versatile polymer networks with tunable properties.
  • Polyelectrolyte complexation is crucial for developing advanced materials.
  • Understanding polymer-microgel interactions is key for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the binding of polyvinylamine (PVAm) to carboxylated microgels.
  • To characterize the stability and properties of the resulting cationic microgels.
  • To elucidate the factors controlling PVAm adsorption and saturation.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of carboxylated microgels.
  • Binding experiments with varying PVAm molecular weights and concentrations.
  • Analysis of microgel swelling, electrophoretic mobility, and colloidal stability.
  • Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements to study adsorption kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Colloidally stable, cationic microgels were formed with PVAm binding.
  • Microgel swelling and mobility showed pH-dependent, tunable behavior based on PVAm content.
  • PVAm saturation levels varied significantly, influenced by attachment and spreading rates.
  • Binding showed general trends with polyelectrolyte types, including dependence on PVAm molecular weight and salt concentration.

Conclusions:

  • PVAm binding yields robust, cationic microgels with adaptable properties.
  • The rate of PVAm chain attachment and spreading governs binding saturation.
  • These findings offer insights into polyelectrolyte-microgel interactions for material design.