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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

What a nostril knows: olfactory nerve-evoked AMPA responses increase while NMDA responses decrease at 24-h

Qi Yuan1, Carolyn W Harley

  • 1Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X9.

Learning & Memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
|January 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Long-term memory formation in rats involves enhanced AMPA signaling in the olfactory bulb. This study shows that stable memory requires increased AMPA and decreased NMDA signaling for odor preferences.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period
07:13

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Long-term memory is theorized to involve increased signaling via AMPA receptors.
  • Neonatal rats can form odor preferences, localized to a single olfactory bulb when one nostril is occluded during training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of AMPA and NMDA receptor signaling in olfactory memory formation and stability.
  • To determine if changes in signaling are specific to the trained olfactory bulb region.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were trained to prefer an odor with one nostril occluded.
  • Olfactory nerve field potentials were recorded in slices from trained and untrained olfactory bulbs 24 hours post-training.
  • Analysis focused on AMPA and NMDA receptor components of the field potentials.

Main Results:

  • Trained olfactory bulbs exhibited a larger AMPA component and a smaller NMDA component compared to untrained bulbs.
  • These signaling changes were specific to the lateral odor-encoding area of the olfactory bulb.
  • No significant changes were observed in adjacent bulbar regions.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support models where increased AMPA signaling mediates olfactory memory.
  • Decreased NMDA-mediated signaling appears crucial for promoting memory stability.
  • Specific signaling alterations in the olfactory bulb underpin learned odor preferences.