Neurological complications of hemodialysis: state of the art

Neurological complications frequently affect chronic kidney disease patients. They are important causes of morbidity and mortality. We present a review of neurological complications affecting hemodialysis patients, focusing on classical and new aspects. Neurological complications can be classified as central or peripheral, but they also include other conditions such as muscle and autonomic disorders. Neurological complications in hemodialysis patients are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Dialysis treatment can modify the clinical pattern and the course of neurological complications, but it may also directly induce some specific, dialysis-related complications. A strict collaboration between nephrologists, neurologists and other specialists can potentially improve prevention and management of these disorders and improve quality of life for hemodialysis patients.