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Summary
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Researchers searched for persistent gravitational waves (GWs) using LIGO data but found no detections. They established upper limits on GW strain, providing the first such limits for extended sources.

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Area of Science:

  • * Astrophysics
  • * Gravitational Wave Astronomy
  • * Data Analysis

Background:

  • * The gravitational-wave (GW) sky may contain both pointlike sources and stochastic backgrounds.
  • * Detecting persistent GWs is crucial for understanding astrophysical phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To conduct directional searches for persistent GWs using LIGO S5 data.
  • * To set upper limits on GW strain power for pointlike and extended sources.
  • * To establish limits on GW strain from specific celestial targets.

Main Methods:

  • * Utilized data from the LIGO S5 science run.
  • * Performed two distinct directional searches: one for pointlike sources and another for arbitrary extended sources.
  • * Calculated 90% confidence level (C.L.) upper-limit maps of GW strain power.

Main Results:

  • * No evidence for the detection of persistent GWs was found.
  • * Established upper limits on GW strain power for pointlike sources (2–20×10⁻⁵⁰ strain²/Hz) and extended sources (5–35×10⁻⁴⁹ strain²/Hz·sr).
  • * Set 90% C.L. limits on narrow-band root-mean-square GW strain for targets like Sco X-1, SN 1987A, and the Galactic center, reaching ≈7×10⁻²⁵ near 160 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • * The searches did not yield a detection of persistent gravitational waves.
  • * The study provides the first upper limits for extended GW sources.
  • * The results constrain astrophysical models and improve sensitivity for future GW searches.