Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Genetic mechanisms underlying the structural elaboration and dissemination of viral internal ribosomal entry sites.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Structural studies of nedicistrovirus IRES-driven, initiation factor-independent translation shed light on key steps of eukaryotic translation elongation.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

The mechanism of ribosomal recruitment during translation initiation on the Type 2 encephalomyocarditis virus IRES.

The EMBO journal·2026
Same author

Structural mechanism of mRNA decoding by mammalian GTPase GTPBP1.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Structural Studies of Nedicistrovirus IRES-Driven, Initiation Factor-independent Translation Shed Light on Key Steps of Eukaryotic Translation Elongation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Structural mechanism of mRNA decoding by mammalian GTPase GTPBP1.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Termination and post-termination events in eukaryotic translation.

Richard J Jackson1, Christopher U T Hellen, Tatyana V Pestova

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Eukaryotic translation termination involves release factors (RFs) and ribosome recycling by ABCE1. Ribosomes can reinitiate translation after termination, especially after short ORFs, regulating gene expression.

More Related Videos

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
10:59

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 19, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling
10:59

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation termination in eukaryotes requires eRF1 and eRF3 to recognize stop codons and release polypeptide chains.
  • Post-termination, the 80S ribosome remains bound to mRNA, necessitating disassembly and recycling for subsequent translation rounds.
  • Ribosome recycling involves dissociation of the 60S subunit and ejection of deacylated tRNA, mediated by ABCE1 and initiation factors or Ligatin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of translation termination, ribosome recycling, and reinitiation in eukaryotes.
  • To elucidate the roles of release factors (RFs) and ATP-binding cassette protein 1 (ABCE1) in these processes.
  • To discuss the regulation of translation through reinitiation after short and long open reading frames (ORFs).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on translation termination, ribosome recycling, and reinitiation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms involving eukaryotic release factors (eRF1, eRF3), ABCE1, and initiation factors.
  • Examination of regulatory roles of reinitiation following short and long ORFs, including viral examples.

Main Results:

  • Termination involves eRF1/eRF3 complex recognizing stop codons, followed by GTP hydrolysis and polypeptide release.
  • Ribosome recycling is initiated by 60S subunit dissociation, followed by tRNA ejection and 40S subunit release, facilitated by ABCE1.
  • Reinitiation can occur downstream of stop codons, particularly after short ORFs, serving as a regulatory mechanism for gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Efficient termination and ribosome recycling are crucial for maintaining translational homeostasis.
  • Reinitiation after translation provides a regulatory layer for gene expression, with distinct mechanisms for short and long ORFs.
  • Understanding these processes is key to comprehending eukaryotic gene regulation and potential therapeutic targets.