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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
10:56

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Published on: May 17, 2014

Control of gene expression by translational recoding.

Jonathan D Dinman1

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.

Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Translational recoding, including ribosomal frameshifting and stop codon reassignment, offers exceptions to genetic rules. These mechanisms expand genome coding capacity and gene regulation, with potential therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The genetic code, while fundamental, possesses exceptions known as translational recoding.
  • These exceptions involve alterations in the standard reading frame or codon assignments during protein synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse mechanisms and prevalence of translational recoding.
  • To highlight the role of programmed ribosomal frameshifting and stop codon reassignment.
  • To discuss the implications of translational recoding for genome capacity, gene regulation, and human health.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on translational recoding.
  • Analysis of documented instances of ribosomal frameshifting and stop codon reassignment.
  • Exploration of the evolutionary and functional significance of these recoding events.

Main Results:

  • Translational recoding encompasses various strategies, including shifts in translational reading frame and altered codon meanings.
  • These recoding events, initially observed in viruses, are now recognized across all domains of life.
  • Programmed ribosomal frameshifting and stop codon reassignment significantly expand the coding potential of genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Translational recoding represents a widespread and crucial layer of gene expression regulation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms enhances our knowledge of genome capacity and post-transcriptional control.
  • Recoding events offer promising avenues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for genetic and metabolic diseases.