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Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches01:28

Dosage Regimens: Designs and Approaches

Designing a dosage regimen, which refers to the manner of drug administration, is a complex process involving the selection of drug dose, route, and frequency. This process is underpinned by pharmacokinetic parameters derived from tests and population averages. These parameters are then tailored to patient-specific variables such as diagnosis, demographics, and allergy status. Once therapy commences, therapeutic response monitoring is critical and achieved through clinical and physical...
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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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Drug Classes and Categories

Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
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It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English
14:34

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Pharmacists' counseling protocols for minor ailments: a structure-based analysis.

Afonso M Cavaco1, Pedro F Pereira

  • 1Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal. acavaco@ff.ul.pt

Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy : RSAP
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Community pharmacy protocols for self-medication need improvement. Current guidelines lack patient autonomy and pharmacist outcome monitoring, suggesting a need for redesign incorporating patient preferences for better self-care support.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English
14:34

A Bilingual Computational Workflow for Identifying Potential PLK1 Inhibitors in American Sign Language and English

Published on: April 3, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Practice and Policy
  • Patient Self-Care and Autonomy
  • Community Pharmacy Services

Background:

  • Self-medication is a crucial aspect of healthcare, necessitating effective pharmacist counseling.
  • Existing self-medication protocols aim to guide pharmacists but often overlook patient autonomy and participation.
  • Optimizing over-the-counter (OTC) counseling requires protocols that empower patients in self-care decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a structural analysis of current community pharmacy minor ailment protocols.
  • To identify differences in protocol structures, focusing on elements supporting patient autonomy and empowerment in self-medication.
  • To evaluate the quality of existing protocols based on critical structural components.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional descriptive study analyzed 44 self-medication protocols from three professional sources (OF, ANF, GH).
  • Structural analysis compared protocols against a standard OF protocol, assessing flowchart steps, active substances, dosage forms, and posologies.
  • Simple scoring systems were used to evaluate protocol quality and identify inter-organizational differences.

Main Results:

  • Protocols averaged 8 counseling steps, covering 10 active substances, 7 dosage forms, and 14 posologic schemes.
  • Protocol quality varied significantly; one scored 24 out of 30 critical items, while others scored below 15.
  • Notable structural differences existed between protocols from GH compared to those from OF and ANF.

Conclusions:

  • While protocols generally addressed ailment characterization, they were deficient in medicine information, selection, and patient participation steps.
  • Essential elements like patient agreement and pharmacist outcome monitoring were largely absent from existing protocols.
  • Redesigning self-medication protocols through a consensus process involving both professionals and patients is recommended for Portuguese pharmacy practice.