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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Scaffold devices for rotator cuff repair.

Eric T Ricchetti¹, Amit Aurora, Joseph P Iannotti

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery

|January 17, 2012

Summary

Rotator cuff repair faces challenges with high failure rates. Scaffolds made from extracellular matrix or synthetic polymers offer mechanical and biological enhancement for tendon healing, improving outcomes.

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Published on: June 6, 2025

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

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Published on: January 23, 2026

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Orthopedic Surgery
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Rotator cuff tears are prevalent in older adults, with high repair failure rates.
Current repair strategies require augmentation for mechanical reinforcement and biological enhancement of tendon healing.
Tissue engineering approaches, including scaffolds, are being explored to improve rotator cuff repair outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current basic science and clinical understanding of available scaffolds for rotator cuff repair.
To emphasize host response, scaffold remodeling, and mechanical properties of scaffolds.
To discuss preclinical and clinical data and future directions for scaffold use in tendon repair.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on synthetic and extracellular matrix scaffolds for rotator cuff repair.
Emphasis on host response, scaffold remodeling, mechanical properties, and suture-retention.
Analysis of preclinical and clinical studies evaluating scaffold efficacy.

Main Results:

Commercially available scaffolds (mammalian extracellular matrix, synthetic polymers) are FDA-cleared for rotator cuff repair.
Scaffolds aim to mechanically reinforce repairs and biologically enhance tendon healing.
Further clarification is needed regarding scaffold indication, application, safety, mechanism, and efficacy.

Conclusions:

Scaffolds represent a promising approach to augment rotator cuff repair by enhancing healing.
Understanding host response, remodeling, and mechanical performance is crucial for optimizing scaffold use.
Continued research and clinical evaluation are necessary to fully elucidate the role and optimize the application of scaffolds in tendon repair.