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Updated: May 25, 2026

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

Published on: August 8, 2014

A field study to evaluate runoff quality from green roofs.

K Vijayaraghavan¹, U M Joshi, R Balasubramanian

¹Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 2 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117577, Singapore.

|January 17, 2012

Summary

Green roofs can improve urban environmental quality, but their impact on stormwater quality is crucial. This study found green roofs generally effective, though nitrate and phosphate levels in runoff require attention.

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Urban Ecology
Water Quality Management

Background:

Green roofs are increasingly adopted for urban environmental improvement.
Concerns exist regarding their effect on stormwater runoff quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if green roofs act as a source or sink for various metals, inorganic anions, and cations.
To assess the impact of green roofs on urban stormwater quality.

Main Methods:

Construction and testing of multiple green roof assemblies.
Analysis of runoff from four natural and several artificial rain events.
Measurement of metals, inorganic anions (e.g., nitrate, phosphate), and cations in runoff.

Main Results:

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Runoff concentrations of most chemical components peaked early in rain events and decreased over time.
Key components in runoff included sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, lithium, iron, aluminum, copper, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate.
Substrate type and rainfall volume significantly influenced runoff chemical concentrations.

Conclusions:

Green roofs are generally effective in managing stormwater quality based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards.
Elevated levels of nitrate (NO3-) and phosphate (PO43-) in runoff are a notable concern.