Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Molecular Biology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Melatonin exerts its effects via G-protein coupled receptors (MT1, MT2) and nuclear receptors (RORα/RZR family).
• Melatonin also interacts with quinone reductase II (MT3 receptor).
• Melatonin receptors are expressed in numerous non-neural tissues, playing diverse physiological roles.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the expression and actions of melatonin receptors in peripheral, non-neural tissues.
• To highlight the importance of peripheral melatonin receptor distribution for understanding various physiological and pathological processes.
• To discuss ongoing controversies, such as melatonin's interaction with the RORα/RZR family.

Main Methods:

• Literature review summarizing studies on melatonin receptor expression and function in non-neural tissues.
• Analysis of existing research on melatonin's interaction with MT1, MT2, MT3 receptors, and RORα/RZR family.
• Synthesis of data regarding the physiological and pathological implications of peripheral melatonin receptor distribution.

Main Results:

• Melatonin receptors (MT1, MT2, MT3) are widely distributed in peripheral tissues.
• These receptors are implicated in immunomodulation, endocrine, reproductive, and cardiovascular functions.
• Melatonin's role in skin pigmentation, hair growth, cancerogenesis, and aging is linked to peripheral receptor activity.

Conclusions:

• Peripheral melatonin receptor distribution is crucial for understanding melatonin's broad physiological and pathological effects.
• Melatonin receptor agonists and antagonists represent promising therapeutic targets.
• Further research is needed to clarify receptor interactions and their precise roles in various bodily functions.