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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Primary Sjogren's Syndrome Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma: Probing the Potential Common Pathogenic Mechanisms and Experimental Verification
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Primary Sjogren's Syndrome Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma: Probing the Potential Common Pathogenic Mechanisms and Experimental Verification

Published on: September 20, 2024

Sigma-2 ligands induce tumour cell death by multiple signalling pathways.

C Zeng1, J Rothfuss, J Zhang

  • 1Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 S Kingshighway Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.

British Journal of Cancer
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Sigma-2 ligands trigger cancer cell death through apoptosis and autophagy. These compounds also disrupt cell cycle progression, offering potential therapeutic strategies for solid tumors.

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Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The sigma-2 receptor is a biomarker for proliferating cells in solid tumors.
  • Understanding sigma-2 ligand mechanisms is crucial for cancer therapy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the mechanisms of sigma-2 ligand-induced cell death in cancer cell lines.
  • Evaluate the impact of sigma-2 ligands on apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of EMT-6 (breast cancer) and MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) cells with various sigma-2 ligands.
  • Assessment of DNA fragmentation, caspase activation, PARP-1 cleavage, vacuole formation, and autophagosome marker (LC3) expression.
  • Analysis of mTOR pathway effectors (p70S6K, 4EBP1) and cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclins, pRb).

Main Results:

  • Sigma-2 ligands induced DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and PARP-1 cleavage, indicating apoptosis.
  • Ligands promoted vacuole formation and increased LC3 expression while inhibiting mTOR signaling, suggesting autophagy induction.
  • Cell cycle analysis revealed decreased expression of cyclins (D1, B1, E2) and reduced pRb phosphorylation, impairing cell cycle progression.

Conclusions:

  • Sigma-2 ligands induce cancer cell death through a combination of apoptosis and autophagy.
  • These ligands also interfere with multiple phases of the cell cycle.
  • The findings highlight the multifaceted mechanisms of sigma-2 ligands in cancer cell death induction.