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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Published on: December 7, 2017

Inflammation and type 2 diabetes.

M C Calle1, M L Fernandez

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, 3624 Horsebarn Road, ext. U-4017, Storrs, CR 06269, USA.

Diabetes & Metabolism
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-grade inflammation is linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Key inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are implicated, while adiponectin may offer protection, but optimal intervention strategies remain debated.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

  • Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • Increased circulatory cytokines, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), are associated with T2D, metabolic syndrome, and heart disease.
  • Adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived cytokine, is linked to insulin sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of key inflammatory cytokines in the development and prevention of T2D.
  • To discuss C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and adiponectin in the context of T2D.
  • To highlight the ongoing debate regarding the best strategies to modulate the inflammatory response in T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on inflammatory markers in T2D.
  • Analysis of the roles of CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of cytokine actions in T2D pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • CRP is a marker for inflammation development.
  • TNF-α is strongly associated with diabetes.
  • Adiponectin is linked to insulin sensitivity and potential T2D prevention.

Conclusions:

  • Specific cytokines play significant roles in T2D development or prevention.
  • Effective strategies for favorably altering the inflammatory response in T2D require further investigation and debate.