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Updated: May 25, 2026

Calibration of Vector Network Analyzer for Measurements in Radio Frequency Propagation Channels
Published on: June 2, 2020
In situ exposure to non-directional beacons for air traffic control
Wout Joseph1, Francis Goeminne, Günter Vermeeren
1Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, Belgium. wout.joseph@intec.ugent.be
Abstract:
In situ electromagnetic field exposure of workers and the general public due to non-directional beacons (NDB) for air traffic control is assessed and characterized. For occupational exposure, the maximal measured electric field value is 881.6 V/m and the maximal magnetic field value is 9.1 A/m. The maximum electric fields exceed the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels at all seven NDB sites, and the magnetic fields at two of the seven NDB sites (occupational exposure). Recommendations and compliance distances for workers and the general public are provided.
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