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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B infection: current concepts and future challenges.

G Nebbia1, D Peppa, M K Maini

  • 1Department of Immunology and Molecular Pathology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.

QJM : Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects millions globally. Current treatments suppress the virus but don't eliminate it, necessitating new strategies to clear the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a significant global health issue impacting over 350 million individuals.
  • The chronicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is inversely related to the age of initial exposure.
  • Understanding CHB's natural history is crucial for effective disease management and preventing severe outcomes like cirrhosis and liver cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the immunological underpinnings of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and viral persistence.
  • To identify factors contributing to poor treatment responses and the inability of current therapies to achieve sustained viral clearance.
  • To highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of CHB's immunological phases and molecular mechanisms for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on CHB pathophysiology and treatment outcomes.
  • Analysis of immunological defects in chronic HBV infection, including innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Examination of the liver microenvironment's role in viral persistence and immune tolerance.

Main Results:

  • Current antiviral therapies for CHB primarily focus on suppressing HBV DNA levels but often fail to achieve sustained off-treatment responses or complete viral eradication.
  • Impaired host immune responses, characterized by defective innate antiviral functions, T-cell exhaustion, and a tolerogenic liver environment, contribute significantly to poor clinical outcomes.
  • A deeper understanding of CHB's immunological phases, triggers for liver flares, and mechanisms of viral persistence is essential for advancing treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving sustained viral clearance in CHB likely requires a dual approach combining host immune system enhancement through immunotherapy with effective viral load suppression.
  • Future therapeutic strategies must address both the virus and the host's immune response to overcome the limitations of current treatments.
  • Further research into the complex interplay between HBV and the immune system is critical for developing curative therapies for chronic hepatitis B.