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Related Concept Videos

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction01:05

Collisions in Multiple Dimensions: Introduction

It is far more common for collisions to occur in two dimensions; that is, the initial velocity vectors are neither parallel nor antiparallel to each other. Let's see what complications arise from this. The first idea is that momentum is a vector. Like all vectors, it can be expressed as a sum of perpendicular components (usually, though not always, an x-component and a y-component, and a z-component if necessary). Thus, when the statement of conservation of momentum is written for a problem,...
Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Published on: November 15, 2013

The Large Hadron Collider: lessons learned and summary.

Chris Llewellyn Smith1

  • 1Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, UK. c.llewellyn-smith@physics.ox.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is exploring new high-energy physics frontiers. Enhanced performance and luminosity at the LHC are expected to yield crucial discoveries, potentially heralding a new era in particle physics.

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Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Collider Physics

Background:

  • The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) represents a significant advancement in particle accelerator technology.
  • Previous theoretical arguments from 1984 suggested new phenomena within the LHC's energy range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical evolution of arguments for new discoveries at the LHC.
  • To assess the development of the LHC project since its inception.
  • To provide an outlook based on current machine and detector performance.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical arguments for new physics.
  • Review of the LHC project's development timeline.
  • Evaluation of recent performance reports for the LHC machine and detectors.

Main Results:

  • The LHC machine and detectors are currently operating exceptionally well.
  • The LHC is exploring a new domain at 7 TeV with high luminosity.
  • Increased luminosity and energy will open larger domains for exploration.

Conclusions:

  • There are strong expectations for significant discoveries at the LHC.
  • The LHC's current and future operational domains are poised to provide crucial insights.
  • These insights are anticipated to initiate a new phase in particle physics research.