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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Decrease in pneumococcal co-colonization following vaccination with the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Carina Valente1, Jason Hinds, Francisco Pinto

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology of Human Pathogens, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.

Plos One
|January 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) significantly reduced pneumococcal co-colonization in children. This decrease in co-colonization may limit horizontal gene transfer, potentially hindering antibiotic resistance and capsular switching in pneumococcal strains.

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07:47

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Published on: February 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Pneumococcal co-colonization is crucial for understanding vaccine effectiveness and bacterial evolution.
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains facilitates the spread of antibiotic resistance and capsular switching.
  • Monitoring co-colonization dynamics is essential for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) on pneumococcal co-colonization in Portuguese children.
  • To assess changes in co-colonization rates and serotype distribution following PCV7 implementation.
  • To explore the implications of altered co-colonization for pneumococcal HGT and evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from three groups of children: pre-vaccine era, unvaccinated during the vaccine era, and fully vaccinated (≥4 doses) with PCV7.
  • Pneumococcal co-colonization, serotype identification, and abundance were determined using plyNCR-RFLP and a molecular serotyping microarray.
  • Statistical analyses, including Fisher's exact test, were employed to compare co-colonization rates between groups.

Main Results:

  • The overall co-colonization rate detected by plyNCR-RFLP was 20.1%, confirmed by microarray analysis.
  • Vaccination status was significantly associated with lower co-colonization rates (8.0%) in fully vaccinated children compared to pre-vaccine (17.3%) and unvaccinated (18.3%) groups (p=0.004).
  • Significantly fewer non-vaccine type (NVT) co-colonization events were observed in the PCV7 era compared to the pre-PCV7 era (p=0.024), suggesting competitive exclusion among NVTs.

Conclusions:

  • PCV7 vaccination significantly reduces pneumococcal co-colonization rates in children.
  • The reduction in co-colonization is attributed to an asymmetric distribution of NVTs, with some strains being more competitive.
  • Decreased co-colonization may limit HGT, potentially reducing the emergence of antibiotic resistance and capsular switching, representing a novel benefit of conjugate vaccines.