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Updated: Feb 27, 2026
A Methodological Protocol and Considerations for Transcranial Ultrasonic Stimulation in Exploratory Clinical Human Studies
Published on: December 12, 2025
Three-dimensional reconstruction of transcranial ultrasound images obtained through the temporal bone window using a
Timothy P Gilmour1, Thyagarajan Subramanian
1Pennsylvania State University, Electrical Engineering Department, University Park, PA 16802, USA. timgilmour@psu.edu
Abstract:
Transcranial sonography has been an increasingly widespread diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of neural diseases like Parkinson's disease. However, the utilization of modern 3D ultrasound techniques has been hampered by the acoustical barrier of the skull bones. We report the development of and preliminary results from an ultrasound helmet which uses mechanical beam-steering to allow 3-D reconstruction of deep brain structures such as the substantia nigra.
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