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Active Filters

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Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:

Passive Filters

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

A fully integrated continuous-time 50-Hz notch filter with center frequency tunability.

Haixi Li¹, Jinyong Zhang, Lei Wang

¹Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, PR China.

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|January 19, 2012

Summary

This study presents a novel continuous-time notch filter using current steering. The integrated circuit effectively attenuates 50 Hz power line interference and offers tunable frequency, crucial for signal processing applications.

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Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Analog Integrated Circuit Design

Background:

Power line interference (e.g., 50 Hz) is a common issue in analog signal processing.
Existing notch filters may suffer from limitations in tunability, integration, or performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel, fully integrated continuous-time second-order notch filter.
To demonstrate effective attenuation of power line interference using a current steering technique.
To achieve a tunable center frequency for adaptability to process variations.

Main Methods:

Design of a second-order notch filter using integrators, a unity-gain inverter, and alpha blocks.
Implementation of the filter circuit using a 0.18 µm 1P6M mixed-signal process.
Post-layout simulation to verify performance characteristics.

Main Results:

Achieved 55.4 dB attenuation for 50 Hz power line interference.
The filter circuit was fully integrated with a compact die area of 0.06 mm².
Demonstrated tunability of the filter's center frequency to compensate for process variations.

Conclusions:

The proposed current steering-based continuous-time notch filter offers high performance and tunability.
The compact, integrated design is suitable for various signal processing applications requiring interference rejection.
This work contributes a practical solution for mitigating low-frequency noise in integrated systems.