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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview01:07

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Overview

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a phenomenon exhibited by certain nuclei that can absorb characteristic radio frequency radiation under certain conditions. NMR has been extensively applied in molecular spectroscopy and medical diagnostic imaging. In both these applications, the molecule or subject under study is placed in a magnetic field and irradiated with radio frequency energy.
NMR spectroscopy generates a spectrum where the characteristic absorption frequencies of the sample are...

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Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease
09:30

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Published on: December 18, 2016

Adapting magnetic resonance imaging performance using nonlinear encoding fields.

Kelvin J Layton, Mark Morelande, Peter M Farrell

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |January 19, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Nonlinear spatial encoding fields in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer advantages over linear methods. This study shows how to tailor nonlinear fields to concentrate high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in specific regions of interest.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Physics
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Traditional linear gradient-based spatial encoding in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has limitations.
    • Nonlinear spatial encoding fields present a promising alternative for advanced MRI techniques.
    • A key challenge with nonlinear encoding is the spatially varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the feasibility of tailoring nonlinear encoding fields in MRI.
    • To optimize the spatial distribution of SNR for specific regions of interest.
    • To develop a quantitative metric for evaluating arbitrary nonlinear encoding schemes.

    Main Methods:

    • Derivation of a novel metric to quantify spatially dependent performance.
    • Application of the metric to analyze and design nonlinear encoding fields.
    • Simulation or experimental validation of tailored nonlinear encoding strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of tailoring nonlinear encoding fields to focus high SNR.
    • Quantification of spatially dependent SNR variations for different encoding schemes.
    • Validation of the derived metric's utility in assessing encoding performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonlinear spatial encoding fields can be optimized to enhance SNR in targeted regions within MRI.
    • The developed metric provides a robust tool for characterizing and designing advanced MRI encoding strategies.
    • Tailored nonlinear encoding holds potential for improving image quality and diagnostic capabilities in MRI.