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Related Concept Videos

The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...
Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through interaction...
Gustation01:43

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Understanding disgust.

Hanah A Chapman1, Adam K Anderson

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. hchapman@caltech.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|January 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disgust responses evolved from physical threats to abstract moral concerns. This ancient emotion, rooted in chemical senses, now influences social cognition and partner selection.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Social Cognition

Background:

  • Disgust responses exhibit diverse triggers, from concrete (toxins) to abstract (moral violations).
  • The evolutionary role of disgust expanded from bodily defense to mate selection and social norm enforcement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary expansion of disgust triggers.
  • To investigate the neural correlates of different disgust types.
  • To understand disgust's role in social cognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on disgust triggers and neural substrates.
  • Theoretical analysis of disgust evolution.
  • Comparison of neural activation patterns for different disgust stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Toxicity- and disease-related disgust involve the anterior insula and basal ganglia.
  • The anterior insula's role may extend beyond disgust.
  • Neural basis for moral disgust remains largely undetermined.

Conclusions:

  • Disgust's evolution illustrates a shift from basic survival to complex social functions.
  • The anterior insula is a key region for disgust processing, but its function is broader.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the neural underpinnings of moral disgust.