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Related Concept Videos

Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Multi-system Monitoring for Identification of Seizures, Arrhythmias and Apnea in Conscious Restrained Rabbits
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Reflex seizures in Rett syndrome.

Ana Roche Martínez1, M Itziar Alonso Colmenero, Andreia Gomes Pereira

  • 1Department of Child Neurology, Sant Joan de Deu Children's Hospital of Barcelona, Spain. aroche@hsjdbcn.org

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
|January 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reports rare reflex seizures in Rett syndrome patients, triggered by eating or pressure. These seizures were resistant to standard antiepileptic drugs, highlighting a unique challenge in managing epilepsy in Rett syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Epilepsy Research

Background:

  • Epilepsy affects up to 70% of individuals with Rett syndrome.
  • Reflex seizures, triggered by specific stimuli, are uncommon in this population.
  • Previous reports have not documented eating or pressure-triggered seizures in Rett children.

Observation:

  • Three epileptic patients with Rett syndrome experienced reflex seizures.
  • Seizures were triggered by food intake (eating-triggered) or proprioception (pressure-triggered).
  • Congenital Rett syndrome patient had eating-triggered seizures; classic Rett syndrome patients had pressure-triggered seizures.

Findings:

  • Reflex seizures in these Rett syndrome patients were triggered by eating and pressure/proprioception.
  • These reflex seizures were refractory to common antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine and valproate.
  • Risperidone showed partial efficacy in managing self-provoked seizures.

Implications:

  • This study identifies a novel presentation of reflex seizures in Rett syndrome.
  • Diagnostic confirmation requires reproducing triggers during EEG, though self-provoked seizures are challenging to capture.
  • Therapeutic strategies may involve trigger avoidance and stress modification, as conventional treatments are often ineffective.