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Related Concept Videos

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Utilizing Thermal Shift Assay to Probe Substrate Binding to Selenoprotein O
03:09

Utilizing Thermal Shift Assay to Probe Substrate Binding to Selenoprotein O

Published on: August 9, 2024

Pseudogenes are not pseudo any more.

Yan-Zi Wen1, Ling-Ling Zheng, Liang-Hu Qu

  • 1School of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases and Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.

RNA Biology
|January 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pseudogenes, once considered "junk DNA," are now understood to have regulatory functions. This review explores their post-transcriptional regulation and evolutionary significance in diverse organisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Pseudogenes, historically dismissed as non-functional DNA remnants, are increasingly recognized for their biological roles.
  • Recent research in organisms like Trypanosoma brucei, mice, and plants highlights pseudogene importance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of current knowledge regarding pseudogene function.
  • To discuss post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of pseudogenes.
  • To propose new perspectives on pseudogene evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent findings on pseudogene function and regulation.
  • Analysis of pseudogene roles across different taxa, including protozoa, metazoa, and plants.
  • Theoretical discussion on the evolutionary pathways and significance of pseudogenes.

Main Results:

  • Pseudogenes exhibit diverse regulatory functions at the post-transcriptional level.
  • Evidence suggests pseudogenes are not merely 'junk DNA' but play active biological roles.
  • Comparative analysis reveals conserved and divergent aspects of pseudogene evolution.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudogenes are integral components of cellular regulation and evolution.
  • Further research into pseudogene mechanisms and evolution is warranted.
  • Understanding pseudogenes offers insights into genome complexity and function.