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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
Published on: October 22, 2020
Possible reasons for elevated carbon monoxide levels in self-reported ex-smokers
1Department of General Practice, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. d.kotz@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Abstract:
Expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) is often used to validate self-reported nonsmoking in clinical settings and research studies. It sometimes occurs that a person reports to have quit smoking, whereas the CO measurement classifies him/her as a smoker. This commentary summarizes possible explanations for this discrepancy and briefly discusses what to do when there is reason to believe that the CO measurement is incorrect.
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