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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Lotharmeyerite, Ca(Zn,Mn)(2)(AsO(4))(2)(H(2)O,OH)(2).

Yongbo W Yang, Stanley H Evans, Robert T Downs

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents the first structure determination of lotharmeyerite, a mineral in the natrochalcite group. The crystal structure reveals rutile-type chains and hydrogen bonds, confirming Mn(3+) occupation at the M site.

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    Area of Science:

    • Mineralogy
    • Crystallography
    • Geochemistry

    Background:

    • Lotharmeyerite belongs to the natrochalcite group of minerals with the general formula AM(2)(XO(4))(2)(H(2)O,OH)(2).
    • The ordering of chemical components in the M site influences the symmetry of these minerals, resulting in either monoclinic or triclinic structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the first detailed structure determination of lotharmeyerite.
    • To elucidate the crystal structure and chemical composition of lotharmeyerite using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to analyze a lotharmeyerite sample from the type locality in Mapimi, Durango, Mexico.
    • Structure determination involved analyzing diffraction data to identify atomic positions, bonding, and symmetry.

    Main Results:

    • Lotharmeyerite was found to be isostructural with natrochalcite and tsumcorite.
    • The structure consists of rutile-type MO(6) octa-hedral chains interconnected by XO(4) tetra-hedra and hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (001).
    • Bond-valence sum calculations confirmed the presence of Mn(3+) at the M site, and two distinct hydrogen bonds were identified, with one H-atom position showing disorder.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of lotharmeyerite has been successfully determined, providing insights into its atomic arrangement.
    • The findings support the classification of lotharmeyerite within the natrochalcite group and highlight similarities with related minerals.
    • The study confirms the occupation of the M site by Mn(3+) and the presence of specific hydrogen bonding characteristics, including H-atom disorder.