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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction00:59

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Oxidation and Reduction

The benzylic position describes the position of a carbon atom attached directly to a benzene ring. Benzene by itself does not undergo oxidation. In contrast, the benzylic carbon is quite reactive in the presence of strong oxidizing agents such as KMnO4 or H2CrO4. Therefore, alkylbenzenes are readily oxidized to benzoic acid, irrespective of the type of alkyl groups.
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...

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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Published on: February 5, 2018

4-Meth-oxy-3-nitro-biphen-yl.

Xuqiang Chao, Xiuqin Zhang, Kai Wang

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the molecular structure of a novel compound, C(13)H(11)NO(3). Researchers determined the precise spatial arrangement and bond angles within this organic molecule.

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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
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    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

    Published on: June 20, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Organic Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Structure Analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional structure of organic compounds is crucial for predicting their chemical properties and reactivity.
    • The specific arrangement of functional groups influences molecular interactions and potential applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and precise molecular geometry of the compound C(13)H(11)NO(3).
    • To quantify the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings and the orientation of nitro and methoxy substituents.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the atomic coordinates and bond parameters.
    • The crystal structure was refined to a high degree of accuracy.

    Main Results:

    • The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings in C(13)H(11)NO(3) was found to be 36.69(2)°.
    • The nitro group exhibited an orientation of 29.12(14)° relative to its parent benzene ring.
    • The methoxy group was oriented at 2.14(12)° with respect to its bonded benzene ring.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed crystallographic description of C(13)H(11)NO(3), revealing significant torsional angles.
    • The observed molecular conformation offers insights into potential intermolecular interactions and solid-state packing.