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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...

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A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
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(2-Amino-phen-yl)methanol.

Caitlin F Zipp1, Manuel A Fernandes, Helder M Marques

  • 1Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of C(7)H(9)NO, revealing specific hydrogen bonding patterns. These interactions form layered structures within the crystal lattice, providing insights into molecular assembly.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Understanding molecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding significantly influences crystal packing and material characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(7)H(9)NO.
  • To identify and characterize the hydrogen bonding network within the crystal.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
  • Analysis of intermolecular distances and angles identified hydrogen bonding interactions.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(7)H(9)NO was successfully determined.
  • N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds were observed, linking molecules via translational and screw symmetry operations.
  • These interactions result in the formation of hydrogen-bonded layers parallel to the (011) crystallographic plane.

Conclusions:

  • The specific hydrogen bonding network dictates the layered crystal architecture of C(7)H(9)NO.
  • This structural insight contributes to the understanding of supramolecular assembly in organic compounds.