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Related Concept Videos

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Published on: February 5, 2018

N-Methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzamide.

Gui-Ming Deng, Chao-Run Wang, Zhen Chen

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |January 20, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a compound, C(8)H(7)N(3)O(5). Molecules exhibit distinct orientations and form hydrogen-bonded chains in the crystal lattice.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure analysis
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular arrangements in solids is crucial for materials science.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in crystal packing and material properties.
    • The specific compound C(8)H(7)N(3)O(5) has potential applications requiring knowledge of its solid-state structure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of C(8)H(7)N(3)O(5).
    • To analyze the molecular orientation and intermolecular interactions within the crystal.
    • To describe the hydrogen bonding network and its impact on crystal formation.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of the asymmetric unit revealed the presence of two independent molecules.
    • Dihedral angles between the amide plane and benzene ring were measured.
    • Intermolecular interactions, specifically N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, were identified.

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of C(8)H(7)N(3)O(5).
    • The dihedral angles between the amide plane and the benzene ring are 29.82(2)° and 31.17(2)°.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules together.
    • These hydrogen bonds result in the formation of chains extending along the b axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(7)N(3)O(5) is characterized by two independent molecular conformations.
    • The observed hydrogen bonding pattern dictates the formation of one-dimensional chains.
    • This structural information is vital for understanding the compound's physical and chemical properties.