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Updated: May 25, 2026

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

Health disparities between Muslim and non-Muslim countries.

J A Razzak¹, U R Khan, I Azam

¹Department of Medicine, Aga Kan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Junaid.razzak@aku.edu

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit

|January 21, 2012

Summary

Muslim-majority countries (MMC) show poorer health indicators compared to non-MMC. Lower health expenditure, higher mortality rates, and lower literacy in MMC highlight key global health disparities.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Global Health
Demography
Socioeconomic Determinants of Health

Background:

Significant disparities exist in global health outcomes.
Understanding the influence of religious demographics on health indicators is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate health indicator differences between Muslim-majority countries (MMC) and non-MMC.
To identify key factors associated with these health disparities.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of health indicators across 190 UN countries, categorizing them as MMC (48) or non-MMC (142).
Utilized data from 10 sources on 41 health determinants and analyzed 4 primary outcomes: male/female life expectancy, maternal mortality ratio, and infant mortality rate.

Main Results:

MMC had one-fifth the per capita health expenditure compared to non-MMC.
Maternal and infant mortality rates were double in MMC versus non-MMC.
Adult literacy rates were significantly higher in non-MMC.

Conclusions:

Gross national income, literacy rate, access to clean water, and corruption levels significantly predict health outcome differences between MMC and non-MMC.
These factors collectively explain 52%-72% of the observed health outcome variations.