Fluorescence guidance in urologic surgery
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Updated: May 25, 2026

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
Published on: January 10, 2013
Nynke S van den Berg1, Fijs W B van Leeuwen, Henk G van der Poel
1Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Purpose Of Review:
Fluorescent tracers can provide anatomical and functional information without altering the visual surgical field. Despite the advances that are being made in tracer development, only a few fluorescent tracers are available for urological interventions.
Recent Findings:
Protoporphyrin IX, hypericin, fluorescein, and indocyanine green were shown to facilitate surgical resection in various ways. Hybrid imaging agents, combining radio and fluorescent labels, have shown improved integration between preoperative and intraoperative imaging. With the rise of surgical fluorescence guidance, various camera systems have been developed that are tailored for optimal detection of the fluorochromes of interest.
Summary:
In this review, the basics of fluorescence-guided surgery, including tracer and hardware requirements are discussed.
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