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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Sutures of the Skull

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

Published on: September 16, 2022

Occipitocervical junction: imaging, pathology, instrumentation.

Michael Benke¹, Warren D Yu, Sean C Peden

¹Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Geroge Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.

American Journal of Orthopedics (Belle Mead, N.J.)

|January 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the occipitocervical junction (OCJ) anatomy and pathology is crucial for managing spinal conditions. This review covers OCJ pathologies and current surgical instrumentation and fusion techniques for effective treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position

Published on: September 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Spine Surgery

Background:

The occipitocervical junction (OCJ) is a complex and specialized spinal region.
Pathology in the OCJ can have severe consequences, necessitating specialized knowledge for diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review common pathologic conditions affecting the occipitocervical junction.
To discuss current instrumentation and fusion techniques for treating OCJ pathologies.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on occipitocervical junction anatomy, pathology, and surgical treatments.
Analysis of current instrumentation and fusion techniques for achieving stability, alignment, and fusion.

Main Results:

Occipitocervical junction pathologies require specialized understanding for effective management.
Evolving instrumentation techniques aim for durable, rigid constructs offering immediate stability and fusion.

Conclusions:

Accurate recognition of OCJ pathology is essential for orthopedic surgeons.
Appropriate patient referral for specialized treatment of occipitocervical junction conditions is critical.