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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
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Microbial Corrosion01:24

Microbial Corrosion

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a significant form of material degradation caused by the metabolic activities of microorganisms. This phenomenon poses substantial challenges across various industries, including oil and gas, maritime, and water treatment sectors.MIC occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, and fungi, colonize metal surfaces, forming biofilms that alter the local electrochemical environment. These biofilms can lead to the production of corrosive...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...

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Methods Development for Blood Borne Macrophage Carriage of Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Drugs
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Published on: December 9, 2010

Future prospects and perspectives on microbicides.

Peter A Anton1

  • 1David Geffen School of Medicine and Center for HIV Prevention Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. panton@mednet.ucla.edu

Current HIV Research
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Topical microbicide development is advancing, focusing on optimizing preventive trials for real-world effectiveness. New research explores adherence, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics to improve trial design and drug delivery formulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Sciences
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Proof of concept for topical microbicides is established.
  • Current research focuses on refining trial parameters like participant selection, dosage, timing, risk, and cost.
  • Transitioning from
  • efficacy
  • to
  • effectiveness
  • in real-world settings is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the complexities of optimizing preventive microbicide trials.
  • To investigate adherence, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) sampling, and modeling.
  • To explore early-stage safety, acceptability, and ex vivo efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Intensified exploratory and Phase 1 safety trials.
  • Investigation of drug acceptability and adherence.
  • Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) sampling and modeling.
  • Analysis of ex vivo efficacy using drug-exposed tissue biopsies and compartment fluids.
  • Development of novel delivery formulations.

Main Results:

  • Complex trial designs, management, assays, and monitoring are advancing.
  • Progress in understanding adherence and PK/PD is crucial for optimizing trial outcomes.
  • Promising strides in developing various delivery formulations are being made.

Conclusions:

  • Early insights from current and future efforts can inform development pipelines sooner than traditional Phase IIb or III trials.
  • Cross-disciplinary collaboration is essential for tackling the refined questions in microbicide development.
  • Optimizing trial design and delivery systems is key to improving real-world effectiveness of topical microbicides.