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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
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Updated: May 25, 2026

Isolation and Purification of Fungal β-Glucan as an Immunotherapy Strategy for Glioblastoma
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Immunotherapy of Cryptococcus infections.

C Antachopoulos1, T J Walsh

  • 13rd Department of Paediatrics, Hippokration Hospital, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptococcal disease management is challenging for immunocompromised patients. Immunomodulation strategies show promise in animal models, but clinical evidence is limited, necessitating further research into host immune responses and personalized treatments.

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Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Medical Mycology

Background:

  • Cryptococcal disease management is difficult, particularly in immunocompromised individuals like those with HIV or organ transplants.
  • Advances in understanding host immune responses to Cryptococcus spp. have highlighted the potential of immunomodulation.
  • Key cytokines, including Th1 (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ) and Th17, are considered protective, while Th2 cytokines are not.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of host immune responses against Cryptococcus spp.
  • To explore the potential of immunomodulatory strategies in treating cryptococcal infections.
  • To assess the clinical evidence for immunomodulation in cryptococcal disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of in vitro and animal model studies on host immune responses (Th1, Th17, Th2 cytokines) to Cryptococcus.
  • Investigation of immunomodulatory therapies targeting fungal components (e.g., glucuronoxylomannan, β-glucan) and radioimmunotherapy in animal models.
  • Analysis of limited clinical data and human studies, particularly regarding interferon-γ (IFN-γ).

Main Results:

  • Animal models demonstrate promising results with various immunomodulatory approaches, including monoclonal antibodies and radioimmunotherapy.
  • The balance between protective Th1 responses and excessive inflammation is crucial for treatment outcomes.
  • Clinical evidence supporting immunomodulation in human cryptococcal infections is currently insufficient for definitive recommendations.

Conclusions:

  • Immunomodulation holds potential for cryptococcal disease treatment, but its efficacy and safety depend on host, pathogen, and regimen factors.
  • Limited human data suggest a potential role for IFN-γ, but more research is needed.
  • Identifying biomarkers to guide patient selection and personalize immunomodulatory strategies is essential for future clinical application.