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Related Concept Videos

Bipolar Disorder01:30

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by significant mood fluctuations, including episodes of mania and depression. Elevated energy levels, heightened mood or irritability, impulsive behavior, reduced sleep needs, rapid speech, racing thoughts, inflated self-esteem, and distractibility characterize mania. Individuals with bipolar disorder often alternate between depressive and manic states, with periods of emotional stability lasting an average of six months to a year.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Published on: August 18, 2020

IQ and the fronto-temporal cortex in bipolar disorder.

Leticia Gutiérrez-Galve1, Stefania Bruno, Claudia A M Wheeler-Kingshott

  • 1UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom. l.gutierrez@ucl.ac.uk

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bipolar disorder (BP) patients show links between premorbid IQ and frontal brain structure. Current cognitive function was not associated with cortical measures, but differences emerged between BP types.

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cognitive deficits are common in bipolar disorder (BP).
  • Cortical volume loss, particularly in prefrontal areas, is observed in BP.
  • The relationship between specific cognitive functions and cortical abnormalities remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate associations between cognitive performance and fronto-temporal cortical parameters in bipolar disorder.
  • To compare these associations between Bipolar I (BPI) and Bipolar II (BPII) disorder.

Main Methods:

  • 36 patients with bipolar disorder (25 BPI, 11 BPII) underwent T1-weighted MRI.
  • Surface-based morphometry was used to measure cortical area, thickness, and volume.
  • Cognitive assessments included estimated premorbid IQ, current IQ, visual memory, and executive function.

Main Results:

  • Premorbid IQ correlated with frontal cortical area and volume.
  • No significant associations were found between current cognitive performance and cortical parameters.
  • Cortical parameters did not differ between BPI and BPII, but current IQ showed a stronger association with temporal cortical area in BPII patients.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive-executive functions in bipolar disorder may be more strongly linked to premorbid intellectual functioning and specific cortical regions than current cognitive status.
  • Distinct cortico-cognitive associations may exist between BPI and BPII subtypes, warranting further investigation.