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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
06:06

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

Osteoarthritis.

David J Hunter1

  • 1Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital and Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. David.Hunter@sydney.edu.au

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis involves mechanical, cellular, and biochemical factors, with obesity a key risk for knee OA onset. Future research should prioritize OA prevention and structural progression modification over palliative treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent, disabling joint disease.
  • Pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of mechanical, cellular, and biochemical factors.
  • Obesity is the strongest risk factor for knee OA onset; mechanical factors drive progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To shift focus from palliative care for established OA to prevention and structural modification.
  • To highlight the critical roles of mechanical factors, joint injury, and obesity in OA.
  • To reduce the public health burden of osteoarthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current OA research and clinical practice.
  • Analysis of risk factors for OA onset and progression.
  • Emphasis on etiopathogenesis to guide therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Current OA management primarily addresses end-stage disease, offering palliative solutions.
  • Obesity and mechanical stress are significant contributors to OA development and worsening.
  • A paradigm shift towards early intervention and prevention is necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Preventing OA onset and modifying structural progression are crucial for mitigating OA's impact.
  • Therapeutic strategies must incorporate a deeper understanding of mechanical factors, joint injury, and obesity.
  • A proactive approach is needed to combat the rising prevalence and disability associated with OA.