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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Quantification of Global Histone Post Translational Modifications Using Intranuclear Flow Cytometry in Isolated Mouse Brain Microglia
07:10

Quantification of Global Histone Post Translational Modifications Using Intranuclear Flow Cytometry in Isolated Mouse Brain Microglia

Published on: September 15, 2023

Dynamic O-GlcNAc modification regulates CREB-mediated gene expression and memory formation.

Jessica E Rexach1, Peter M Clark, Daniel E Mason

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) glycosylation regulates neuronal function and memory. Blocking this O-glycosylation enhances brain plasticity and long-term memory consolidation.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) is crucial for neuronal processes like memory.
  • While phosphorylation is studied, other CREB regulation forms, like glycosylation, are less understood.
  • Neuronal activity and plasticity involve complex regulatory mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional roles of CREB glycosylation in neurons.
  • To characterize the stoichiometry and dynamics of CREB glycosylation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which CREB glycosylation impacts neuronal function and memory.

Main Methods:

  • Chemoenzymatic strategy for quantifying glycosylation stoichiometries.
  • Analysis of CREB modification in response to neuronal activity.
  • Assessment of CREB-CRTC interaction and transcriptional activity.
  • Evaluation of cellular function and behavioral plasticity upon blocking glycosylation.

Main Results:

  • CREB undergoes dynamic O-linked β-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine glycosylation in response to neuronal activity.
  • Glycosylation represses CREB-dependent transcription by inhibiting its association with CRTC.
  • Blocking CREB glycosylation enhances axonal and dendritic growth.
  • Inhibition of glycosylation improves long-term memory consolidation.

Conclusions:

  • O-glycosylation represents a novel regulatory mechanism for CREB in neurons.
  • CREB glycosylation plays a significant role in memory formation and neural development.
  • This study reveals a new pathway for regulating activity-dependent gene expression and neuronal plasticity.