Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood glucose levels...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Effect of inpatient electroencephalography on clinical decision making.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2013

Same author

Effect of vitamin D replacement on insulin sensitivity in subjects with vitamin D deficiency.

Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research·2012

Same author

Common patient concerns about the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetes mellitus management.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2012

Same author

Diabetes--it's the basics that count.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2011

Same author

Pharmacology of GLP-1 agonists: describing the therapeutic potential to patients.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2011

Same author

Improving outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: practical solutions for clinical challenges.

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association·2010

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

Incorporating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists into clinical practice.

Craig W Spellman¹

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 701 W Fifth St, Odessa, TX 79763-4206, USA. craig.spellman@ttuhsc.edu

The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association

|January 24, 2012

Summary

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists like exenatide and liraglutide improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Liraglutide showed greater glycosylated hemoglobin improvements, while exenatide better impacted postprandial glucose.

More Related Videos

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Sustained Administration of β-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres

Published on: November 5, 2016

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Validation of Therapeutic Agent Conjugation to Polyvinyl Alcohol-Coated Medical Devices

Published on: November 29, 2024

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

Published on: February 26, 2019

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Diseases
Pharmacology

Background:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management involves various therapeutic agents.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists represent a key class of injectable medications for T2DM.

Purpose of the Study:

To review clinical trial data on GLP-1 receptor agonists for T2DM.
To outline contraindications and discuss treatment algorithm integration for GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical trial data comparing exenatide and liraglutide.
Analysis of efficacy, safety, and role in treatment algorithms.

Main Results:

Both exenatide and liraglutide improve glycemic control as monotherapy or combination therapy.
Liraglutide demonstrated superior glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose reduction compared to exenatide.
Exenatide showed greater postprandial glucose control; both agents led to weight reduction and improved blood pressure with unchanged lipid profiles.

Conclusions:

GLP-1 receptor agonists are effective in T2DM, offering additive benefits in combination therapies.
Consideration of specific agent profiles (e.g., liraglutide vs. exenatide) is important for optimizing glycemic control.
GLP-1 receptor agonists have a defined role in T2DM treatment initiation and advancement strategies.