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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Published on: September 12, 2014

Teaching fearlessness: a manifesto.

D Wear¹, J Zarconi, N Dhillon

¹Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, USA. dw@neomed.edu

Education for Health (Abingdon, England)

|January 24, 2012

Summary

Medical students face negative role models, but educators can foster "fearless speech." This approach empowers students to challenge inequities, improving medical education and patient care.

Area of Science:

Medical Education
Professionalism in Medicine
Healthcare Ethics

Background:

Negative role modeling is prevalent in clinical medical education.
Students frequently observe faculty behaviors contradicting core medical values.
This inconsistency undermines preclinical training.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a framework for "teaching for fearlessness."
To encourage students to address and challenge systemic inequities.
To improve the culture of medical education and patient care.

Main Methods:

Analysis of a third-year medical student's reflective essay.
Review of faculty observations regarding student's negative clinical encounters.
Application of Foucault's concept of "parrhesia" (fearless speech).

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Modified Fear Conditioning for Inducing Flight Behaviors in Mice

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Main Results:

A pedagogical approach termed "teaching for fearlessness" is proposed.
Students can be empowered to speak out against inequities.
Challenging negative behaviors can foster a more ethical environment.

Conclusions:

Medical educators should actively model and teach "fearless speech."
Providing opportunities for students to practice fearless speech is crucial.
This approach can reshape medical education and enhance patient advocacy.