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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
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Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Polymorphism of Li2Zn3.

Volodymyr Pavlyuk1, Ihor Chumak, Helmut Ehrenberg

  • 1Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Ivan Franko National University, Kyryla and Mefodiya str., 6, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine. vpavlyuk2002@yahoo.com

Acta Crystallographica. Section B, Structural Science
|January 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structures of two lithium-zinc (Li-Zn) phases were determined using X-ray diffraction. Unlike related tin and gallium compounds, Li-Zn phases lack significant Zn-Zn bonding, indicating distinct electronic properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The binary phase Li(2)Zn(3) exhibits polymorphism with distinct low- and high-temperature modifications.
  • Understanding the crystal structures and bonding of intermetallic compounds is crucial for materials design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structures of the low- and high-temperature modifications of Li(2)Zn(3).
  • To investigate the bonding characteristics and compare them with related binary phases.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structures.
  • Electronic structure calculations using the tight-binding-linear muffin-tin orbital-atomic spheres approximation (TB-LMTO-ASA) method were performed.

Main Results:

  • The low-temperature modification is a disordered variant of Li(5)Sn(2) (space group R\bar 3m), and the high-temperature modification is an anti-type to Li(5)Ga(4) (space group P\bar 3m1).
  • Both polymorphs feature atoms coordinated by rhombic dodecahedra (CN=14).
  • Electronic structure calculations revealed strong covalent Sn-Sn and Ga-Ga interactions in related phases but no similar Zn-Zn interactions in Li(2)Zn(3).

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structures of Li(2)Zn(3) polymorphs were elucidated, revealing their relationship to known binary phases.
  • The absence of Zn-Zn covalent bonding in Li(2)Zn(3) distinguishes it from related Li-Sn and Li-Ga compounds, suggesting unique electronic properties.