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Infertility in Females

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...

Infertility in Males

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

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A new classification for female infertility.

A Aflatoonian¹, B Baghianimoghadam, P Partovi

¹Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.

Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology

|January 25, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infertility, the inability to conceive, is a clinical presentation, not a disease. This study proposes a new, simple classification integrating basic science and etiology for better understanding infertility causes.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Medical Classification Systems

Background:

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse.
It is recognized as a clinical presentation rather than a distinct disease.
Existing classification algorithms are complex and difficult for students to understand.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel, simple schematic classification for infertility.
To integrate basic science and etiology into a logical framework for classifying infertility causes.
To provide a classification system that is understandable for medical students and clinicians.

Main Methods:

The study applies a clinical presentation philosophy proposed by the University of Calgary (1991).
It focuses on integrating etiologies with basic science principles.
The proposed classification breaks down infertility causes into categories, subcategories, and disease classes.

Main Results:

A new, simplified schematic classification for infertility is presented.
The classification integrates basic science features with disease etiologies.
It aims to clarify the causative diseases of infertility.

Conclusions:

The proposed classification offers a more accessible approach to understanding infertility.
It emphasizes the importance of etiology in characterizing infertility causes.
This system facilitates a better grasp of the basic science behind infertility.