Nanoscale ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of Sb2S3 nanowire arrays

We report the first observation of piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in individual Sb(2)S(3) nanowires embedded in anodic alumina templates. Switching spectroscopy-piezoresponse force microscopy (SS-PFM) measurements demonstrate that individual, c-axis-oriented Sb(2)S(3) nanowires exhibit ferroelectric as well as piezoelectric switching behavior. Sb(2)S(3) nanowires with nominal diameters of 200 and 100 nm showed d(33(eff)) values around 2 pm V(-1), while the piezo coefficient obtained for 50 nm diameter nanowires was relatively low at around 0.8 pm V(-1). A spontaneous polarization (P(s)) of approximately 1.8 μC cm(-2) was observed in the 200 and 100 nm Sb(2)S(3) nanowires, which is a 100% enhancement when compared to bulk Sb(2)S(3) and is probably due to the defect-free, single-crystalline nature of the nanowires synthesized. The 180° ferroelectric monodomains observed in Sb(2)S(3) nanowires were due to uniform polarization alignment along the polar c-axis.