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Electron Transport Chains

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...

Electron Carriers

Electron Carriers

Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Silicon Metal-oxide-semiconductor Quantum Dots for Single-electron Pumping

Published on: June 3, 2015

Donor-based single electron pumps with tunable donor binding energy.

G P Lansbergen¹, Y Ono, A Fujiwara

¹NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, 3-1 Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0198, Japan. gabriel.lansbergen@lab.ntt.co.jp

|January 25, 2012

Summary

We demonstrate precise single electron control using individual donors in silicon. The ionization energy of these donors can be tuned with electric fields, enabling new possibilities for quantum electronics.

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Area of Science:

Solid-state physics
Quantum electronics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Single electron pumping is crucial for quantum information processing and metrology.
Controlling individual donor electrons in silicon offers a promising platform for scalable quantum devices.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate single electron pumping using a tunable number of individual donors.
To characterize the ionization energy of single arsenic donors in silicon.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of a silicon nanowire device with local arsenic implantation.
Utilizing a set of fine gates for electric field control.
Temperature-dependent characterization of pumped current.

Main Results:

Successful demonstration of single electron pumping via individual donors.
Extraction of the ionization energy of a single arsenic donor.
Observation of gate electric field-tunable ionization energy over a wide range.

Conclusions:

Individual donors in silicon are viable for precise single electron control.
Gate-controlled ionization energy opens pathways for advanced quantum device engineering.