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Related Concept Videos

Processes at Electrodes01:30

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
06:44

Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

Published on: June 9, 2023

Cation interdiffusion model for enhanced oxygen kinetics at oxide heterostructure interfaces.

Milind J Gadre, Yueh-Lin Lee, Dane Morgan

    Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
    |January 25, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The interface between perovskite La(0.8)Sr(0.2)CoO(3-δ) and K(2)NiF(4)-type (La(0.5)Sr(0.5))(2)CoO(4-δ) significantly boosts oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rates. This enhancement is driven by strontium and lanthanum interdiffusion, increasing oxygen vacancies at the interface.

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    Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures
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    Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

    Published on: July 18, 2014

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    Last Updated: May 25, 2026

    Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
    06:44

    Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing

    Published on: June 9, 2023

    Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures
    06:43

    Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures

    Published on: July 18, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid-state Chemistry
    • Electrochemistry

    Background:

    • Heterostructures of La(0.8)Sr(0.2)CoO(3-δ) (LSC-113) and (La(0.5)Sr(0.5))(2)CoO(4-δ) (LSC-214) show enhanced oxygen surface exchange.
    • This improvement is crucial for developing efficient solid-state electrochemical devices like solid oxide fuel cells.
    • The enhanced kinetics are attributed to the interface properties, not bulk material changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the atomic and energetic driving forces for interdiffusion at the LSC-113/LSC-214 heterostructure interface.
    • To understand the mechanism behind the orders-of-magnitude enhancement in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rates.
    • To correlate interface composition changes with oxygen vacancy concentrations and kinetic improvements.

    Main Methods:

    • Density Functional Theory (DFT)-based simulations were employed to study the energetics of ion exchange at the interface.
    • Calculations focused on the energy gain associated with Sr/La exchange between LSC-113 and LSC-214 phases.
    • Thermodynamic estimations were made for equilibrium Sr concentrations and resulting oxygen vacancy levels.

    Main Results:

    • DFT simulations reveal a significant energy gain (0.9–1.3 eV) for Sr/La exchange, driving interdiffusion.
    • Estimated equilibrium Sr concentrations in LSC-214 reach 75–90% at 500–600 °C.
    • This Sr enrichment is predicted to increase oxygen vacancy concentration in LSC-214 by 2-2.5 orders of magnitude.

    Conclusions:

    • The enhanced oxygen kinetics at the LSC-113/LSC-214 interface are primarily due to increased oxygen vacancy concentrations in the LSC-214 phase.
    • Interdiffusion of Sr and La across the interface creates a highly defective LSC-214 layer, boosting ORR performance.
    • These findings provide a mechanistic understanding for optimizing perovskite heterostructures in electrochemical devices.