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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy01:30

Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities
11:00

Using Chicken Embryo as a Powerful Tool in Assessment of Developmental Cardiotoxicities

Published on: March 21, 2021

Cardiac developmental toxicity.

Gretchen J Mahler1, Jonathan T Butcher

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University, New York 13902, USA.

Birth Defects Research. Part C, Embryo Today : Reviews
|January 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) origins are often unknown, but environmental factors and genetic susceptibility play a role. Animal models are crucial for identifying cardiac teratogens and understanding developmental toxicity in heart development research.

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High-Throughput Cardiotoxicity Screening Using Mature Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Toxicology
  • Cardiovascular research

Background:

  • Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a common birth defect with largely unknown causes.
  • Assessing environmental triggers for CHD in humans is challenging due to ethical and practical limitations.
  • The conserved nature of heart development across vertebrates makes animal models valuable for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review known environmental exposures causing cardiac defects.
  • To identify sensitive developmental stages of heart formation to teratogen exposure.
  • To evaluate the utility and limitations of animal models in cardiac teratogenicity research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of teratogenic exposures affecting heart development.
  • Analysis of critical windows in embryonic heart development.
  • Comparative assessment of animal models for studying cardiac developmental toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Certain environmental exposures are confirmed teratogens causing cardiac malformations.
  • Specific embryonic stages exhibit heightened sensitivity to toxic insults.
  • Animal models offer reproducible systems for screening teratogens but have limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors are significant contributors to CHD etiology.
  • Understanding sensitive developmental periods is key to preventing cardiac defects.
  • Further research using refined animal models is needed to advance cardiac developmental toxicity assessment.