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Related Concept Videos

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
In contrast, nonlinear systems do not inherently possess these properties. However, for small deviations around an operating point, a nonlinear system can often be approximated as linear.
Aliasing01:18

Aliasing

Accurate signal sampling and reconstruction are crucial in various signal-processing applications. A time-domain signal's spectrum can be revealed using its Fourier transform. When this signal is sampled at a specific frequency, it results in multiple scaled replicas of the original spectrum in the frequency domain. The spacing of these replicas is determined by the sampling frequency.
If the sampling frequency is below the Nyquist rate, these replicas overlap, preventing the original signal...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
Linear Approximation in Time Domain01:21

Linear Approximation in Time Domain

Nonlinear systems often require sophisticated approaches for accurate modeling and analysis, with state-space representation being particularly effective. This method is especially useful for systems where variables and parameters vary with time or operating conditions, such as in a simple pendulum or a translational mechanical system with nonlinear springs.
For a simple pendulum with a mass evenly distributed along its length and the center of mass located at half the pendulum's length, the...
Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits01:20

Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits

Operational amplifiers (op-amp) are used in signal conditioning, filtering, or for performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and differentiation. The frequency response of an op-amp is an important aspect that describes how the gain of the amplifier varies with frequency.
Frequency Response and Gain:
The gain of the op-amp, A(ω), is not a constant but a function of the input signal frequency. An op-amp can maintain a constant gain at low frequencies, known...
Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short distances...

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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Simple feed-forward wide-range frequency offset estimator for optical coherent receivers.

J C M Diniz1, J C R F de Oliveira, E S Rosa

  • 1Reconfigurable Optical Systems Laboratory, CPqD Foundation, SP-340 Highway, km 118.5, Campinas, SP, 13086- 902, Brazil. diniz@cpqd.com.br

Optics Express
|January 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary

We developed a hardware-efficient frequency offset estimator for optical coherent receivers. This new method accurately estimates frequency offsets, even with signal filtering, meeting industry standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Communications
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Digital Signal Processing (DSP) based optical coherent receivers are crucial for modern high-speed communication systems.
  • Accurate frequency offset estimation is essential for reliable data recovery in these systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel, hardware-efficient frequency offset estimator for DSP-based optical coherent receivers.
  • To achieve a wide estimation range compliant with industry standards (OIF).

Main Methods:

  • The proposed estimator utilizes a simple relationship derived from the signal spectrum.
  • It is implemented in a feed-forward architecture for hardware efficiency.
  • Experimental validation was performed.

Main Results:

  • The estimator demonstrated a wide frequency offset estimation range, meeting OIF requirements.
  • It exhibited high tolerance to spectrum asymmetry introduced by electrical and optical filtering.
  • Performance was maintained even with return-to-zero pulse shaping.

Conclusions:

  • The developed frequency offset estimator is a practical and efficient solution for optical coherent receivers.
  • Its robustness to filtering effects makes it suitable for demanding communication scenarios.